4 103 C A very well excavated hillfort, Danebury has revealed traces of circular wattle and daub houses, granaries raised on posts and grain storage pits. In its centre was a temple. It was defended by massive earthen ramparts and a complex gateway, where the defenders' slingstones have been found.
#PW Danebury
5 5 5 5
#AM Alesia
6 101 X Numantia was a large town of the Celtiberian tribe of the Arevaci. During the 2nd century BC Rome progressively took over Spain, against fierce Celtiberian opposition. The siege of Numantia in 133 BC brought their heroic resistance to an end: starved into submission, the survivors were enslaved and the town destroyed.
#PW Numatia
7 101 X Magdalensberg was the main oppidum (fortified town) of the metal-rich kingdom of Noricum. In friendly relations with the expanding Roman state from the 2nd century BC, it thrived on trade in iron, copper, salt and gold. The oppidum also processed the iron ores and produced high quality finished articles, as abundant industrial remains show.
#PW Magdalensberg
8 101 X Camulodunum (modern Colchester), like several other British oppida (fortified towns) differs from the densely settled and strongly defended continental examples in being a vast area loosely protected by dykes and natural features, within which were located separate concentrations of houses and industrial areas, cemeteries and shrines. Fields and pastures were also probably enclosed within it.
#PW Camulodunum
9 1 5 8
#IW Oppida
10 101 X A major industrial and trading centre, Manching differed from most oppida (fortified towns) in being situated in a low-lying indefensible location, dictated by its advantageous position dominating major trade routes. Many different crafts were practised here, for example making cooking vessels from imported graphite clays and lathe-turned bangles from sapropelite, a soft stone.
#PW Manching
11 13 5 1
#CM Bibracte
12 101 X A rich female burial of the mid 4th century BC containing a number of gold torcs (neck rings) and bracelets whose decoration includes many classic features of Celtic art, such as motifs based on plant elements.
#PW Waaldalsgasheim
13 101 X One of the richest of a series of late BC/early AD cremation burials containing Roman luxury imports, such as wine amphorae and fine tableware, as well as gaming pieces and other items reflecting an aristocratic lifestyle. They lie within the territory of the Catuvellauni, a powerful tribe progressively dominating south-east England.
#PW Welwyn garden city
14 19 5 13
#EW Druids
15 1 5 9
#IW celtic religion
16 101 X One of a number of ritual sites consisting of a deep shaft in which votive offerings were made. Among the finds recovered from them were human and animal bones. Often they were associated with enigmatic rectangular enclosures devoid of other features. These might have been intended for performing religious and other ceremonies.
#PW Holzhausen
17 101 D A series of ancient timber piles at the north edge of Lake Neufchatel was originally thought to have been a lakeside village. However, the enormous quantity of metal objects associated with the site alerted archaeologists to its more likely purpose as a ritual site at which votive offerings were made.
#PW La Tene
18 101 X Tolosa (modern Toulouse) was a Celtic ritual site consisting of a temple and sacred lakes. A Roman general is reputed to have removed 50 tons of gold and 50 tons of silver from these sacred locations in 107 BC. Even if this is an exaggeration, it is clear from other sites that vast amounts of votive metalwork were deposited in such ritual localities.
#PW Tolosa
19 0 5 3
#IW the gundestrup cauldron
20 18 5 1
#FM Celtic Carnyx
XX 101 X By about 500 BC, the Greeks, who had previously traded directly with Central European chiefs, shifted their attentions to the Black Sea area. Mediterranean luxuries now reached new areas of barbarian Europe across the Alpine passes. This later trade was more diffuse. Celts themselves often travelled to north Italy, as raiders, traders or mercenaries: some settled there while others returned home with their fine acquisitions.
